# Conditional probability of derangements and fixed points

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, USA.

2 School of Computing and Data Science, Wentworth Institute of Technology, 550 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, USA.

Abstract

The probability that a random permutation in $S_n$ is a derangement is well known to be $\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=0}^n (-1)^j \frac{1}{j!}$. In this paper, we consider the conditional probability that the $(k+1)^{st}$ point is fixed, given there are no fixed points in the first $k$ points. We prove that when $n \neq 3$ and $k \neq 1$, this probability is a decreasing function of both $k$ and $n$. Furthermore, it is proved that this conditional probability is well approximated by $\frac{1}{n} - \frac{k}{n^2(n-1)}$. Similar results are also obtained about the more general conditional probability that the $(k+1)^{st}$ point is fixed, given that there are exactly $d$ fixed points in the first $k$ points

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